Influence of Location on Ecology Views

Influence of Location on Ecology Views City, rural and Costal backgrounds: Does Location Influence our outlook on ecology? Rebecca Anne Chesser Summary Conservation has gradually gone from being an issue to a select few, to now a global phenomenon. The widespread harmful aspects of human activity on the biophysical environment have reached catastrophic levels. The amount of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere is already above the threshold that can potentially cause dangerous climate change. â€Å"We are already at risk, its not next year or next decade, its now. Report from the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Although the damage up until now is largely irreversible, conservation is the key to limiting any further damage to the global environment. If these issues are not urgently addressed the list of animals on the endangered species list will exponentially increase at an alarming rate. The future welfare of the planet, flora and fauna depends on how the world responds to the current global crisis. Human beings are guilty of robbing the world of its natural resources, impacting ecosystems and habitats o f wild animals. Re-education of how we manage the earth and its resources, and the animals and planets which live in it, is vital for future generations. With this in mind, this study will look to see if location, either urban, rural or coastal, has a direct effect on one’s knowledge and understanding of the natural world around them, and whether or not this impacts their attitudes towards conservation and animal welfare issues. This will hopefully make way for future research in order to raise awareness of what communities are more likely to be lax about environmental issues, and could benefit from more information/conservation schemes to improve the world in which we inhabit. Research Background Much of the previous research in this area has focused largely on cross-cultural studies, which observed the relation between how people conceptualise nature and how they act in it. â€Å"Tragedy of the commons† is a theory proposed by Garrett Hardin, according to which individuals, acting independently and rationally according to each ones self-interest, behave contrary to the whole groups long-term best interests by depleting some common resource (Hardin, 1968). The concept is often cited in connection with sustainable development, meshing economic growth and environmental protection, as well as in the debate over global warming. Commons can include the atmosphere, oceans, rivers, fish stocks, national parks and any other shared resource. The tragedy of the commons occurs when individuals neglect the well-being of society in the pursuit of personal gain and thus it is this attitude, which varies largely across cultures, which has become one of the most central, yet diverse, problems in environmental welfare decision making. A number of researchers have however noted many examples in which commons have been and are being successfully managed (Atran, 1986; Berkes, Feeny, McCay, Acheson, 1989; Deitz, Ostrom, Stern, 2003; Ostrom, 1999). Key factors in these successes include a closed-access system and having social institutions in place to monitor use and punish overusers. This again shows that depending on the measures in a particular location, the outcome of people’s attitudes towards conservation and ecology can be influenced. Lo ´pez, et al, (1997) found that US undergraduates and Itza’ Maya of Guatemala showed a different pattern of responding on a category-based inductive reasoning task involving mammals, indicating a clear difference in knowledge and understanding the essential nature and underlying properties of animals ranging across two very different cultures. In a two part study carried out Schultz, results showed that participants instructed to take the perspective of an animal being harmed by pollution scored significantly higher in biospheric environmental concerns than participants instructed to remain objective (Schultz 2000). This implies that concern for environmental issues is fundamentally linked to the degree to which people view themselves as part of the natural environment. This implies a potential link between location and knowledge of nature, and levels of concern for both environmental and animal welfare which is what this future investigation aims to distinguish. Hypothesis In relation to the previous research carried out, which illustrated that there is a link between location and understanding the essential nature and underlying properties of plants and animals, it will be expected that [1] urban dwellers will have less experience of country, shore and sea life and will therefore have a lesser knowledge of the essential nature- and the underlying properties of both plants and animals, meaning they will score less than country and coastal dwellers on the knowledge of nature section of the questionnaire. [2] This will therefore lead to urban dwellers being less enthusiastic about conservation issues, due to rural/coastal dwellers witnessing, first hand, the effects of environmental issues damaging their surrounding areas more obviously than in less green urban areas- (oil covered birds, woodlands destroyed etc). [3] Urban dwellers will also be less passionate regarding issues to do with the treatment of animals, due to reduced contact with them, and mor e physical distance from many animals, compared to living in the countryside or coastally, meaning they will also score less on both attitudes towards conservation of the environment and attitudes towards the treatment of animals sections. The null hypothesis would be that participant’s location does not directly impact their knowledge of the essential nature and underlying properties of plants and animals, nor does it directly influence their attitudes towards conservation and animal welfare. Method Equipment Participants will be briefed and a consent form will be completed online. Participants will then be asked to fill in an online questionnaire which should take no longer than half an hour to complete. The software platform for this online questionnaire will be TypeForm. Participants Participants will most likely be both male and female university and college students around the age of 18-25, with varying races and socio-economically backgrounds. Participants will be mostly self-selected to participate; having chosen this study to fulfil a research participation requirement scheme (STREP) enforced By Heriot Watt University. The questionnaire may also be sent to several other students at different university and college campuses in and around Edinburgh. Data Collection Data will be collected using an online survey. The questionnaire will be organised to ensure that questions are grouped into 4 categories. Participants will receive a score for each section- [1] Location of the participant- including previous locations, location preferences, how often they visit coastal/country areas if they arent coastal or country dwellers etc [2] Attitudes towards conservation of the planet- such as recycling, which environmental issues they are concerned with, how green they consider their lifestyle to be etc [3] Attitudes towards how animals are treated- views on vegetarianism, hunting, animal testing, free range, animals as pets, animals in captivity etc [4] *Still developing a way in which I can assess participants knowledge of essential nature- and the underlying properties of both plants and animalsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹* Variables Due to this study being observational, no manipulation of variables has occurred. The predictor variable for this study will be location of the participants, and the three outcome variables will be [1] knowledge of the essential nature and underlying properties of plants and animals, [2] attitudes towards conservation, [3] attitudes towards animal welfare. Measures No ‘scales’ or ‘measures’ exist for either the predictor variable nor the outcome variables of this study, therefore the questionnaire will be tailored to attain sufficient information from each section to allow a score to be allocated to each participant for each of the four sections. Each section will have between ten and fifteen questions. Firstly the questions will be assessing the location of the participant- most importantly whether they consider themselves to live in an urban, country, coastal or suburban area. Also included in this section will be questions to do with the length of time the participant has lived in Great Britain, how often the participant engages with the outdoors, if they have any access to parks or country walks nearby, if they have a job that involves working outdoors for extended periods of time, and also basic factors such as gender, age and ethnicity. Secondly, questions will be asked about attitudes towards energy conservation . This encompasses recycling, travel, lifestyle choices etc, which all could be seen to negatively impact global warming and conservation. Thirdly, questions about attitudes towards the value of animals will be asked- dietary choices, opinions on animal testing, hunting sports and keeping animals in captivity. The fourth element of the questionnaire is going to be a picture match (similar to that previously conducted in â€Å"Cultural Dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erences in Children’s Ecological Reasoning and Psychological Closeness to Nature: Evidence from Menominee and European American Children† (Unswortha et al). TypeForm Software allows a picture match, so 4 pictures will be presented, two will be matched somehow- ie. Same diet, both give birth to live young, both live underground, both young are called ‘kits’ etc, the participant scores 1 point for every pair correctly selected. There will be other multiple choice questions in this section to further assess the participant’s knowledge and understanding of nature, animals, plants and the planet. Again, the point scoring will continue- 1 point for every correct answer. For all questions there will also be an option to pass on the question, this will be in place to minimise participants randomly guessing, or cheati ng in order to avoid feeling embarrassed by selecting the wrong answers. Sections will be scored using a point system: for example one question could be â€Å"Which do you use more- bath or shower†- due to a shower conserving water, if this answer was selected the participant would receive 2 points, if they selected bath they would receive 1 point and so on. Participants will end up with 4 scores- one for location, one for conservation, one for animal treatment and one for knowledge of nature. ie. Rural participant may score 32 out of a possible 50 for conservation, whereas an urban participant may only score 19. Procedure Participants who chose to take part in this study by either signing up on the STREP system or through email, will be sent a brief if the study and a consent form. The brief will outline what the study will entail and stated that the participants will remain anonymous, with the exception of providing information regarding their age and sex, and will explain that participants have the option to withdraw from the study and ask for the data t not be used at any point. Once the consent form is signed, the participants will be asked to complete the online questionnaire. The participants will then be given a debriefing and, if applicable, be awarded their STREP credits. Analysis The data will be analysed using SPSS. (***Unsure which tests to use***) Limitations There could be many problems and limitations to this study. With time and funds restrained sample size will be limited and not representative of the entire population raising questions of the validity and ability to generalise the findings of the study. Many of the students asked to fill out the question may answer the questions untruthfully or may ‘skip’ some questions, and some may drop out the study leading to missing data. References Atran, S. (1986). Hamula [patrican] organisation and masha’a [commons]  tenure in Palestine. Man, 21, 271–295 Atran, S., Medin, D. L. and Ross, N. (2005). The cultural mind: environmental decision making and cultural modeling within and across populations. Psychological Review 112, 744-776. Bailenson, J. N., Shum, M., Atran, S., Medin, D. L. and Coley, J. D. (2002). A bird’s eye view:  biological categorization and reasoning within and across cultures. Cognition 84, 1-53. Berkes, F., Feeny, D., McCay, B., Acheson, J. (1989, July 13). The  benefit of the commons. Nature, 340, 91–93. Dietz, T., Ostrom, E., Stern, P. (2003, December 12). The struggle to  govern the commons. Science, 302, 1907–1912. Gelman, S. A. (2003). The Essential Child. New York: Oxford University Press. Lo ´pez, A., Atran, S., Coley, J., Medin, D. (1997). The tree of life: universal and cultural features of folkbiological taxonomies and inductions. Cognitive Psychology, 32, 251–295 Ostrom, E. (1999). Coping with tragedies of the commons. Annual Review  of Political Science, 2, 493–535 Schultz, W. P. (2000). Empathizing with nature: The eà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ects of perspective taking on concern for environmental issues. Journal of Social Issues 56, 391-406. Walker, S. J. (1999). Culture, domain specificity and conceptual change: Natural kind and artefact  concepts. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17, 203-219. SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES ETHICS COMMITTEE Application Form (click on the grey boxes to insert text) Section A: Project Overview Project Title: City, rural and Costal backgrounds: Does Location Influence our outlook on ecology? 2. Approval sought: Full approval Re-Submission In principle Contact Information 3. Responsible Staff Member: a) Name: Thusha Rajendran b) Telephone: +44 (0)131 451 3456 4. Investigator (if different from Responsible Staff Member): a) Name: b) Telephone: c) Email: 5. Duration of Proposed Project: February 2014 6. Anticipated Start Date: February 2014 7. Does the proposed research involve human participants or living animals in any way? Yes No Note. Involvement of human participants includes obtaining information from people through methods such as experiments, observation, surveys or interview, or any use of previously obtained personal data, or any use of human tissue samples. If your answer to Question 7 is ‘yes’ complete the rest of the form; if it is ‘no’, simply sign the declaration at the end of the form. 8. Please provide a brief summary of the proposed study (if possible, in less than 300 words. Include an overview of the design, variables, and other ethically-pertinent considerations). Feel free to attach a document if convenient. Section B: Administration Section C: Ethical Considerations Section D: Further Information Regarding Ethical Considerations If you responded ’No’ to any questions in section B, or ‘Yes’ to any questions in Section C, please provide further information, indicating how you would address this issue. Please be as comprehensive as possible, as this will speed the process for the referees and may avoid the need to contact you for further information or clarification.

A significant relationship exists between the age of the workforce and increased levels of job satisfaction

Studies of the correlation between the extrinsic and intrinsic aspects that provide for job satisfaction, has been widely analyzed and studied. This study proposes to analyze whether the age of the employee and length of employment has any relations with job satisfaction.Employees of an educational and research institution were surveyed to establish if the company commands high or low job satisfaction. Having participated in a similar survey a year ago, the new findings were used to compare with previous findings to see if job satisfaction has changed. A correlation and linear regression found that neither age nor sex could be used to accurately establish job satisfaction.Future analysis should have an emphasis on categories and age groups that score low on job satisfaction. This survey is important and can be employed by other businesses to test the level of job contentment. Employees who have a job satisfaction tend to be more dedicated to the organization, value their work and are more productive. Random sampling of various age groups was used in this study in order to come up with an accurate finding.The study encompassed the employees as well as the management. In the company’s workforce, 40% percent are male while 59% are female. Based on the findings of the survey there seemed to be a significant relationship between other demographics like sex, year employed, age as factors affecting job satisfaction. A lack of management to employee’s communication is also one of the factors that affect the employees’ satisfaction.IntroductionMelbourne institute is a large educational facility that also doubles as a research institute.   There are employees here who work full time while others are on short term contracts. Many studies have been conducted to establish the aspects that affect job satisfaction. Irregardless of age studies have shown that a large percentage of full term employed expressed a high level of contentment compared to the s hort or part time workers.Generally a multiple of reasons would motivate an employee to remain in a given company; this may include high pay, job security, benefits during work and retirement. An individual’s number of working years is sometimes proportional to their age. This is important as it is considered status by both the employees and the employer.There are a myriad of considerations that will make an employee decide to stay, extrinsic items are those that have been bestowed to the employee by the employer this may include, praise, bonuses etc. the opportunity of progress is also an important consideration, if an employee feels that they cannot advance despite their age they are bound to consider moving to another company. Job satisfaction is one of the most important attribute of the employment relationship.The implications of job satisfaction are extremely influential in that they can determine other factors like productivity, efficiency as well as turnover in an org anization. It is no longer acceptable for workers to work for minimum wage. Every employee wants to be employed on clear terms with a stable salary, but this alone is not pertinent enough to establish job satisfaction.The relationship between an employer and the employees should provide for means by which they can both achieve their objectives since if   employees are deemed to be satisfied in their capacities its is assumed that their output is greater and quality of work is high. This is first achieved by first appreciating that the benefits are mutual and that both the employer and the employee need each other.Coupling job satisfaction with the age of the employees as well as the length of time they have been employed gives another dimension of the relationship. This relationship not only entails how the employee is viewed by the employer but also by other future prospective employers. Senior employees who have been working for long and have a wide range of experience can be va luable to a company. Experience is also an aspect that is tied to age.If the employer is reward adequately for his service he may have little concern in looking for alternative employment. At the start of career, most employees are satisfied with a good starting salary but as years progress and to get job satisfaction, most of them turn their emphasis on job security. Job satisfaction is a combination of cognitive and effective contentment expressed by an individual.Effective contentment is one based on the entire emotional aspect of the individual. This study seeks to establish if there is a relationship between age and job satisfaction (Biderman, 1995).

The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer - 1585 Words

Although it was published toward the end of his life, Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales was his longest and most popular work. The plot is made up of tales told by thirty-one different pilgrims as they embark on a pilgrimage to the shrine of Saint Thomas a Becket in Canterbury. His initial idea was to have each pilgrim tell four stories a piece during the pilgrimage, but Chaucer either died before finishing or decided to change this idea, as only twenty-four tales presently make up the work. The prologue of the novel goes into great detail describing each pilgrim’s personality and pointing out whatever flaws they have (Rossignol 1). There are a few characters considered idealized in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, but all of the other†¦show more content†¦Another pilgrim characterized by this sin is the Reeve. He is the manager of an estate and a master carpenter, but has a terrible temper and it is said that all people â€Å"were afraid of him as of the death.† The Reeve also becomes furious with the Miller whenever he cheats the farming scale (Chaucer 1). Lust, or a strong feeling of sexual desire, is displayed in Canterbury Tales by three different characters. The Wife of Bath is the first example, shown by the fact that she has had five different husbands and several other boyfriends over the course of her lifetime. Chaucer says that others always ask her for love advice, because, â€Å"the remedies of love she knew, perchance, for of that art shed learned the old, old dance.† The second character who displays lust is the Squire who was a â€Å"lusty bachelor† and â€Å"loved hotly†. He sang songs and wrote poetry for girls in order to try and win their affections and served in the cavalry for this purpose, as well. The final pilgrim that practices this sin is the Friar. Chaucer says he had â€Å"arranged full many a marriage of women young, and this at his own cost,† meaning the Friar had impre gnated them and wanted to find them husbands to try and save himself. The Friar is also described as being intimate with â€Å"all the worthy women of the town† (Chaucer 1). According to Lisa Frank, The Catholic Encyclopedia defines gluttony as â€Å"the inordinateShow MoreRelatedThe Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer1582 Words   |  7 Pages Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the Canterbury tales a collection of short tales in the 14th century. The compilation of stories are told by different characters within the narrative as part of a game proposed by the host. Each individual must tell two stories on their journey and two stories on their way back. Each story tells some aspects of English life during the time and often added satire like qualities to the English life. 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Should There Be Direct Laws Against Police Brutality Essay

Police Brutality Should there be direct laws to counter it? My ISP is on police brutality, and if there should be direct laws that counter it. Currently in several countries, there are laws against use of excessive force but not against the other types of police brutality, and most of the time the police’s authority overrules the jury. What is Police brutality? Police brutality is when a police officer uses unnecessary and excessive force on a suspect, but can also include verbal attacks and psychological intimidation. Police brutality is one of the several forms of police misconduct, along with false arrest; intimidation; racial profiling; political repression; surveillance abuse; sexual abuse; and police corruption. Police brutality†¦show more content†¦I think that this is outrageous as cops can put kids into mental trauma for no reason without facing charges. Consequences Police brutality causes both riots and labor strikes, the best example being the LA riot of 1992. The riot started when police beat and tased Rodney KIng after a high speed pursuit. King suffered from suffered a fractured facial bone, a broken right ankle, and multiple bruises and lacerations but only 3 of the 4 officers got charged with using excessive force, and that verdict lit the fuse for the riots. The riots ensued half an hour after the trial was over, and after 2 more hours, the rioters started to attack cars and people. The riots lasted 3 days and ended when the mayor placed curfews in and also called in the national guard, the US Marines and the 7th Infantry Division. Federal agents also were sent to LA. There were over 13,500 troops in LA on May 2nd 1992. In total Fifty-three people died during the riots, with as many as 2,000 people injured. Estimates of the damages vary between about $800 million and $1 billion. Approximately 3,600 fires were set, destroying 1,100 buildi ngs, with fire calls coming once every minute at some points. What weapons do police carry? 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