Cultural Misconceptions - 1471 Words

Thomas Lane English 1001 3/5/07 Cultural misconceptions Many cultures are often misunderstood by the rest of society. This lack of understanding by society at large of specific cultures often leads to misconceptions about a given society. These generalizations apply to all types of cultures and they also apply to societies understanding of the Hyphy movement. The Hyphy movement is a culture with many aspects yet there are many misunderstandings regarding this culture that have been used to crack down on Hyphy behavior. Like generalizations and stereotypes of other cultures, the misunderstandings about Hyphy culture are not completely unfounded, but are exaggerated. As a person surrounded by and participating in the hyphy movement I†¦show more content†¦There is hyphy dress so someone might be inspired to open a clothing store or start designing clothing; there are even hyphy energy drinks. The hyphy movement is culture, more importantly it is youth culture and while many of its customs are rooted in traditional African American culture it is not ethnically exclusive. It is something that is primarily designed as a means of expression for people aged 16-30 but often has followers outside of those demographics( my brothers only 14 and hes Hyphy and the leading musician of the Hyphy movement is near 40). Hyphy culture covers many aspects of life including familial relations to celebrations and even language. In the hyphy movement family has a looser definition than what society at large would consider family. Many of the followers of the hyphy movement were born or raised during Americas crack epidemic and as a result hyphy is more inclusive of blended families and informal adoption like a friend of the family living with the immediate family and being introduced as a brother. Also, in the hyphy movement many males address each other as cuz which is slang for cousin. Hyphy celebrations include dancing and music much like other cultures but the ways in which people celebrate are much different. One major diff erence in hyphy celebrations is that no special occasion is needed to celebrate. These spontaneous celebrations often take the shape of sideshows, a huge gathering thatShow MoreRelatedEssay on Jihad: Moving Beyound Cultural Biases and Misconceptions2578 Words   |  11 Pagesimages. Not even the government is spared from the cloak of cultural bias, as President George W. Bush inadvertently likened the terrorist actions to a crusade, a truly violent and holy war. In addition, the famed Fox News speaker Bill O’ Reilly announced that he was going to launch a â€Å"fierce Jihad† against media executives he disliked (Rogers-Melnick). 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WhenRead MoreStereotypical Hegemonic Views Of Children And Young Adults1058 Words   |  5 Pagesofficer to â€Å"back down.† Men are continually portrayed as committing to sporadic instincts, such as pulling the gun. The man is not portrayed as rationally thinking about the situation at hand, such as Benson did. This one scene displays the misconception of the irrational decision making process men possess in order to protect women. Then, the closing scene shows Benson in the family s etting, and she is worried that her current happiness will soon come to an end. Captain Ed Tucker, her currentRead MoreEthnocentrism As Defined By The Osu Department Of Anthropology984 Words   |  4 Pagesa culture where values, customs, and shared practices are different from their own. It is the difficulty or inability to understand other ways of acting, thinking, or feeling; when one cannot process the understanding of others attitudes within a cultural context. 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Linguistics and Language Free Essays

string(29) " of the formulation process\." 1. The underlying assumptions, theories, and methods used by psychologiest, linguists, and researchers are believed to strongly affect the way each defines psycholinguistics. Please discuss some different conceptions of psycholinguistics in its relation to other branches of linguistics. We will write a custom essay sample on Linguistics and Language or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then, define yours. One of your reference should be â€Å"fundamentals of Pyscholinguistics by Fernandez and Cairns (2010)† OPsycholinguistics is an interdisciplinary field of study in which the goals are to understand how people acquire language, how people use language to speak and understand one another, and how language is represented and processed in the brain. Psycholinguistics is primarily a sub-discipline of psychology and linguistics, but it is also related to developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, neurolinguistics, and speech science (Fernandez: 2011). OPsycholinguistics examines the psychology of language; psycholinguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processes involved in language. Psycholinguists study understanding, producing, and remembering language, and hence are concerned with listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language. (Harley, Trevor A. 2001. The Psychology of Language. ) O†Psycholinguistic studies have revealed that many of the concepts employed in the analysis of sound structure, word structure, and sentence structure also play a role in language processing. However, an account of language processing also requires that we understand how these linguistic concepts interact with other aspects of human processing to enable language production and comprehension. ( William O’Grady, et al. , Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001 O†Psycholinguistics, there is a constant exchange of information between psycholinguists and those working in neurolinguistics, who study how language is represented in the brain. There are also close links with studies in artificial intelligence. Indeed, m uch of the early interest in language processing derived from the AI goals of designing computer programs that can turn speech into writing and programs that can recognize the human voice. (John Field, Psycholinguistics: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge, 2003) OPsycholinguistics refers to the efforts of both linguists and psychologists to explain whether certain hypotheses about language acquisition and language competence as proposed by contemporary linguistic theories (e. g. : transformational generative grammar) have a real basis in terms of : perception, memory, intelligence, motivation, etc. (Hartmann and stork: 1973) Oâ€Å"†¦.. psycholinguists are interested in the underlying knowledge and abilities which people must have in order to use language in childhood. I say â€Å"underlying knowledge and abilities† because language, like all systems of human knowledge, can only be inferred from the careful study of overt behavior. † (Dan Isaac Slobin: 1979) OBased on my reading, Psycholinguistics is study about language acquisition, language used one another, and study how language is represented and processed in the brain. Psycholinguistics is primarily a sub-discipline of psychology and linguistics, but it is also related to developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, neurolinguistics, and speech science. . Linguistic analysis might use similar language data or language corpuses as the object of analysis. Please give an example of language use which can be analyzed from different point of view, particularly from semantics, pragmatics, socialinguistics, discourse analysis, and psycholinguistics. Support your answer in term of their focuses of analysis. How are they similar, different, and how are they related one other. Linguisti cs study about human language as communication. In other hand, linguistics as fild of study that the object is language. Semantics is one of study that hand-in-hand with pragmatics. specializing in semantics studies, languageis study about the meaning of words, that is influenced by the context in which the words are presented. Semantics study how words are given meaning by their structure, tone, and the situation in which they are used.  ·Pragmatics is concerned with the role of context in the interpretation of meaning.  ·Pragmatics and semantics is different parts but the same general study. Both semantics and pragmatics are concerned with people’s ability to use language meaningfully. While semantics is concerned with a speaker’s competence to use the language system in producing meaningful utterances and processing (comprehending).  ·Sociolinguistics a close neighbour of psycholinguistics, can be defined as the linguistic study dealing with the functioning of language in society. Sociolinguitics has to do with the study of language from the viewpoint of how social, regional, individual and historical aspects influence the language and its use in society which is specifically called speech community. OPsycholinguistics is the study of language acquisition and linguistic behavior. Psycholinguistics refers to the efforts of both linguists and psychologists to explain whether certain hypotheses about language acquisition and language competence as proposed by contemporary linguistic theories (e. g. : transformational generative grammar) have a real basis in terms of : perception, memory, intelligence, motivation, etc. (Hartmann and stork: 1973)  ·Discourse Analysis is approaches to analyzing written, vocal, or sign language use. discourse analysis is, like descriptive linguistics, a way of studying language. It may be regarded as a set of techniques, rather than a theoretically predetermined system for the writing of linguistic ‘rules’. (Yule, George. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ‘Doing discourse analysis certainly involves doing syntax and semantic, but it primarily consists of doing pragmatics. In discourse analysis, as in pragmatics, we are concerned with what people using language are doing, and accounting for the linguistic features in the discourse as the means employed in what they are doing. . The objects of psycholinguistic studeis are addressed to language production, acquisition, and comprehension. Could you explain how are the processes of the three language uses in term of psycholinguistics analysis.  ·Language production based on Levelt, speech production divided into four stage; I. Conceptualization and formulation Primitive linguistic concept about first conceptualized in human mind by David Mcneill stated that lin guistic concepts are formed as two current and parallel modes of taught. These are syntactic thinking and imagistic thinking. Then syntactic thinking and imagistic thinking ellaborate to conceptualize conversation in which speech utterance and gestures to be tied together in time. But this concept has gone record. Formulation as the output of the process language production. Lashely stated that production and comprehension of speech is linear process. Based on tradition od examining speech production, sleep tangue as a window of the formulation process. You read "Linguistics and Language" in category "Essay examples" II. slips of the tongue Slip of the tongue is normal mistake, it happen to catch the goof ourselve. Then we can immediately correct. Slip the tongue as the production process . ut this concept has gone record too. III. Articulation In this stage we consider about what happens when all of he information go from our brain to articulation. IV. Self-Monitoring Self – monitoring seems that as final stage. It is not only produce speech and listen one to another, but also to keep one ear open o n what they themselve saying.  ·Language acquisition Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words[-;0] and sentences[-;1] to communicate. Language acquisition began the same with the cognitive science at 1950’s. Chomsky argued that language acquisition falsified these beliefs in a single stroke: children learn languages that are governed by highly subtle and abstract principles, and they do so without explicit instruction or any other environmental clues to the nature of such principles. While Hence stated language acquisition depends on an innate, species-specific module that is distinct from general intelligence. Chomsky believes that every child has a ‘language acquisition device’ or LAD which encodes the major principles of a language and its grammatical structures into the child’s brain. In other point of view There are five stages in language acquisition stated by Chumbow and Adegbija (1984) such as babbling stage, the holophrastic stage, the two-word utterances, the telegraphic stage and recursive stage.  ·Language comprehension Clark and Clark argue that language comprehension is mental process by listeners take in the sounds uttered by speaker and use them to construct an interpretation of what they think the speaker intended to convey. (Clark and Clark: 1977)In sum up, language comprehension is building the meaning from sounds. While Language comprehension is generally viewed in cognitive theory as con-sisting of active and complex processes in which individuals construct meaning from aural or written information (Anderson 1985; Byrnes 1984; Call 1985; Howard 1985; Pearson 1985; Richards, 1983). An-derson (1983, 1985) proposes that the mental processes necessary for comprehending aural and written texts are sufficiently similar that comprehension of both can generally be discussed as a common phe-nomenon. 4. Following Clark and Clark (1977), comprehension involves two processes-construction and utilization processes. The first is concerned with the way listeners construct an interpretation of a sentence from the speakers’ words. The second deals with how listeners utilize this interpretation for further purposes for registering new infromation, answering questions, following orders, and registering promises. What really happens in our cognitive domains (memory) for both processes? Examplify your answer that the first happens earlier than the second OClark and Clark (1977) say that short-term memory is roughly related to the working memory in the construction process; long term memory is dealt with the process of utilization. In other word In short, short-term just focus on the surface of the utterance (how the sentence is constructed) while the long one concern on the meaning more (how the sentence is properly utilized). Outilization, consists of relating a mental represen-tation of the text meaning to declarative knowledge in long-term mem-ory. This process is referred to as elaboration in other descriptions of the reading process. Utilization is the key to comprehension and the basic determinant that facilitates it. In any mes-sage, there may be an interplay between information we already know and information that is entirely new. . Production of a speech requires speakers to plan what to say before its execution. Theoritically, the plan begins firstly with discourse plan followed by sentence plan and, at last, constituent plan. What should be the underlying concepts of this order? In the execution of a speech plan, several mental activities happen, what are they? Explain your answer OSpeech production is the process by which spoken[-;2] words are selected to be produced, have their phonetics[-;3] formulated and then finally are articulated by the motor system[-;4] in thevocal apparatus[-;5]. Speech production can be spontaneous such as when a person creates the words of a conversation[-;6], reaction such as when they name a picture or read[-;7] aloud a written word[-;8], or a vocal imitation such as in speech repetition[-;9]. Speech production is not the same as language production since language[-;10] can also be produced manually by signs[-;11]. The production of spoken language[-;12] involves three major levels of processing. The first is the processes of conceptualization[-;13] in which the intention[-;14] to create speech links a desired concept to a particular spoken word to be expressed. The second stage is formulation in which the linguistic[-;15] form required for that word’s expression is created. This process involves such processes as the generation of a syntactic[-16] frame, and phonological[-17] encoding which specifies the phonetic[-18] form of the intended utterance, the third stage is articulation[-19] which involves the retrieval of the particular motor phonetics[-20] of a word and the motor coordination[-21] of appropriate phonation[-22] and articulation by the lungs, glottis, larynx, tongue[-23], lips[-24], jaw[-25], and other parts. Levelt, WJ (1999). â€Å"Models of word production. â€Å"[-26]. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3 (6): 223–232) 6. Children acquire language faster than adults’. Please give your arguments to agree or disagree to this statement. How do children use their utterance compared to adult. You should refer to, at least, four references. OChomsky points out that a child could not possibly learn a language throug h imitation alone because the language spoken around them is highly irregular – adult’s speech is often broken up and even sometimes ungrammatical. In ways understanding and establish meaning in words, children and adults are different. Children tend to focus more on the superficial physical characteristics of an object when defining the prototype for an object and when comparing a stimulus to that prototype. Thus, children will gradually their understanding of an object. Steinberg at all (2001) conclude the progress started from vocalization to babbling, babbling to speech, naming and using holophrastic for one word utterances, and using telegraphic speech for two and three words utterances. Another expert Mc Neill in Steinberg at all (2001:36) gives another opinion that the child who is learning language can compare the language that they have in their mind with what they hear from his parents. Children give priority to collocational links between words. For example, a child might respond with the word ‘night’ when told the word ‘dark’, whereas an adult more likely to respond with the word ‘light’ when presented with the same word ‘dark. Children may take time to discover the criteria by adult classify item as co-ordinates. 7. Language structure and language function can be seen differently by different scholars from the side of the meaning of an utterance. Please discuss your opinion about the function approach to meaning (the procedures and uses) Outterances has different meaning in context (including the situation, condition, location and the time in which the utterances are produced). For example : †Masak begitu saja jadi gila sih? † this utterance May be in giving support or motivate somebody who just got disappointed or depressed. 8. Please quote a mass demonstrant’s discourse (at least consisting of ten sentences). Please analyze psycholinguisticly the discourse of the demonstrant by considering his/her mass psychology. ODemo guru bantu : ‘angkat kami jadi PNS. Kami telah lama mengabdi untuk negri ini. Kalau kami tidak diangkat jadi PNS, gaji kami tidak cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan primer kami. Yaitu kebutuhan hidup keluarga dan kebutuhan pendidikan anak-anak kami. Guru bantu perlu diperhatikan kesejahteraan hidupnya. Dari demo guru di atas terlihat semua individu memiliki kepentingan menjadi satu yaitu meminta kenaikan Gaji yang tidak sesuai standar untuk memenuhi kebutuhan utama. Dari kalimat demo di atas, setiap idividu guru lebih memiliki power yang lebih besar untuk meminta kenaikan gaji dikarekan mereka bersatu menjadi satu. OMass psychology is a branch of social psychology[-27]. Mass psychology is concerned with the behaviour and thought processes of individual mass members and the mass as a whole. The main idea of Sigmund Freud[-28]’s crowd behavior theory is that people who are in a crowd act differently towards people from those who are thinking individually. The minds of the group would merge to form a way of thinking. Each member’s enthusiasm would be increased as a result, and one becomes less aware of the true nature of one’s actions. Other major thinkers of crowd psychology include Rene Girard[-;29], Gustave Le Bon[-;30], Wilfred Trotter[-;31], Gabriel Tarde[-;32],Sigmund Freud[-;33], Elias Canetti[-;34], Steve Reicher[-;35] and Julia Constintine. 9. How do you agree (support) or disagree to the following ideas: a. language need not be taught, nor can it be suppressed OI agree that language need to be taught nor can be suppressed, Fernandez stated that language acquisition in the child is a naturally unfolding process, Every normal human acquires alinguistic system, and failure to do so is evidence for some sort of pathology. that children need to experience social, interactive language in order to acquire language. In fact, people acquire language at about the same speed during about the same age span, no matter what kind of cultural and social situation they grow up in. b. hildren everywhere acquire language on a similar developmental schedule OI agree that children everywhere acquire language on a similar developmental schedule. Based on (Fernandez: 2011) state that babies coo in the first half of their first year and begin to babble in the second half. The first word comes in the first half of the second year for just about everyone. In all societies, babies go through a one-word stage, followed by a period of early sentences of increasing len gth; finally, complex sentences begin. By the age of 5 the basic structures of the language are in place, although fine-tuning goes on until late child-hood. Children all over the world are sensitive to the same kinds of language properties, such as word order and inflection. They make remarkably few errors, but their errors are of a similar type. While there is much individual variation in the age at which children acquire aspects of language, that variation is conditioned by individual char-acteristics of the child rather than by the language being acquired or the culture in which the language is used. c. language is universal in human being OI agree with that statement about there are close to 7,000 languages spoken in the world today and, on the surface, they differ greatly. However, there are profound similarities among the languages of the world – so many similarities, in fact, that human language can be thought of as a single entity. Language universals result from the way the human brain organizes and processes linguistic information: language universals are a product of human neurology. Thus, a person’s ability to acquire and use language is natural These universals do not derive from social, cultural, or general intellectual characteristics of humans. Instead, List of references: Clark, H. H. and E. V. Clark (1977): Psychology and Language, New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Fernandez, Eva M. (2011). Fundamental of psycholinguistics. Oxford. Wiley-Blackwell Steinberg, at all (2001): Psycholinguistic: Language, Mind, and World. Malaysia, Pearson Education. Scovel, T (2001): Psycholinguistics. Hong Kong, Oxford University Press. Yasin, Anas. (2010). Tindak Tutur: sebuah model gamatika komunikatif. Padang: Sukabina Press [-;0] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Word [-;1] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics) [-;2] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Spoken [-;3] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonetic [-;4] – http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Motor_system [-;5] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Vocal_apparatus [-;6] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Conversation [-;7] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reading_(process) [-;8] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Writing [-;9] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Speech_repetition [-;10] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Language [-; 11] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sign_language [-;12] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Spoken_language [-;13] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Conceptualization [-;14] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Intention -;15] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Language [-;16] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Syntactic [-;17] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonological [-;18] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonetic [-;19] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Manner_of_articulation [-;20] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonetics [-;21] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Motor_coordination [-;22] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonation [-;23] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tongue [-;24] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lip [-;25] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jaw -;26] – http://www. columbia. edu/~rmk7/HC/HC_Readings/Levelt. pdf [-;27] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki /Social_psychology [-;28] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud [-;29] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard [-;30] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon [-;31] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Wilfred_Trotter [-;32] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Gabriel_Tarde [-;33] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud [-;34] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Elias_Canetti [-;35] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Steve_Reicher How to cite Linguistics and Language, Essay examples

Investment Strategies of Sovereign Wealth Funds

Question: Discuss about the Investment Strategies of Sovereign Wealth Funds. Answer: Introduction: The assignment mainly depicts relevant investment objective and constraints, which encircles the any investment decision conducted by the investor. In addition, the investors mainly target the relevant investment objective like safety, income, liquidity, and tax minimisation. However, the investment constraints level like risk tolerance, financial capability, moral and understanding of realistic or unrealistic situations. The investment constraint mainly depicts incapability of the investors to make adequate investments. Investment objectives: The primary objective of investment mainly consists of income, growth in capital and safety of principles. The investor mainly conducts trade based on return, which could be generated from the overall investment. Moreover, fulfilment of the primary objective is essential for the investor as it mainly helps in improving its overall profitability. The investor mainly opts for investment opportunity, which provide a higher income and raises the overall capital growth. Bernstein, Lerner Schoar (2013) mentioned that investors mainly use technical and fundamental analysis to identify relevant opportunities, which could help in improving the investment capital. The investment objective like safety of capital is the main factor, which is required by the investors before initiating a trade. The secondary objective that is mainly needed by the investor is liquidity and tax minimisation, which is needed by the investor while conducting relevant investment. The secondary objective mainly states that investors are only interested on stock, which has higher liquidity, as it could be freely traded in the market. This objective is mainly essential for the investor to make adequate investment decision and change its position according to change in trend of the stock. Moreover, the investors mainly use investment option like bond and mutual funds, which help in minimising the tax and maximising its overall retention rate (Wagner, 2013). Investment constraints: There are relative six segment, which could be identified as the investment constraints and reduce interest of the investors to continue with its investment. The level of income and wealth could be identified as the most viable option, which is analysed by the investor while maintaining or conducting investments (Liu, 2015). In addition, the constraints of minimum income and risk tolerance of investors mainly reduce viability of the investors to conduct risky trades for increasing their return from investment. Moreover, the change in emotional investment and realism of actual trade also plays a vital role in barding the investors to conduct relevant trades. Cao, Han Wang (2015) mentioned that rising investment constraints mainly reduce liquidity in the market and increases risk of investment for short term investors. Conclusion: The overall assignment mainly evaluate the objectives and constraints, which is been evaluated by investors to improve their return on investment. Moreover, objectives of the investment mainly play a vital role, where investors are able to identify the specified investment opportunity. These identified objectives also act as a constraint, which reduces investment in certain stock with low return and higher risk. Furthermore, the constraints identified in the assessment mainly acts as the alarming signal for investors, where they could come out from their investment due to rising risk or reducing return. Reference: Bernstein, S., Lerner, J., Schoar, A. (2013). The investment strategies of sovereign wealth funds.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,27(2), 219-238. (https://dspace.mit.edu/openaccess-disseminate/1721.1/99146) Cao, J., Han, B., Wang, Q. (2015). Institutional investment constraints and stock prices. (https://www-2.rotman.utoronto.ca/facbios/file/JFQA_Han.pdf) Liu, W. L. (2015). Investment Constraints and Delegated Portfolio Management. (https://sfm.finance.nsysu.edu.tw/php/Papers/CompletePaper/075-579615281.pdf) Wagner, D. (2013). Sovereign Wealth Funds: Investment Objectives and Asset Allocation Strategies.Browser Download This Paper. (https://asia-first.s3.amazonaws.com/researches/web_link/a3cdbc64bd38c109fc550b7a638d718b.pdf)

R R Case Study Solution Essay Example

R R Case Study Solution Essay Bob Reiss in 1983 observed with interest the success in the Canadian market of new game board called â€Å"Trivial Pursuit†, The sale of the game in the US tended to be approximately ten times those of sales in Canada since â€Å"Trivial Pursuit† had sold 100,000 copies . Now Reiss thought game make a boom in US market and this make a profitable opportunity for him. After Graduation from Harvard Business School in 1956 Bob Reiss  started working for a company of stationary products. He saw that as an opportunity to learn about running a business while someone else â€Å"picked up the tab. He then started a sales rep company and soon stumbled on opportunities in adult games like chess and magic. Eventually he sold his company to a needlecraft company. Bob then founded Ramp;R to create and sell games, including the  TV Guide  Trivia game produced during the Trivial Pursuit craze in the 1980s. In this case study, we analyze the Bob Reiss is an entrepreneur. Opportun ities and challenges it faces in starting a new business. Define his education and work experience and expertise. And that is how the game industry and  also define that how he find an opportunity to start business. Rationale and Discussion on  Ã‚  Ramp;R Bob Reiss is a graduate of Harvard University in 1956, he worked for a company  that made stationary products. He specializes in games for adults and in 1959 he founded his own business as an independent representative of manufacturing in the same  stationaryindustry, specializing in games for adults. In 1973 Reiss, his company represents a small American Stock Exchange market for the shares sold and began working in the games development Department. And in three years, he built for $ 12,000,000. In 1979 he left the company. And started his own company, with the name R amp; R in offices with the help of his secretary. He promised low overhead costs and no responsibility of company to look after. He decided to do consulting. Because Reiss think the  consultancy  is the way to get a little money to live. R amp; R is the first step in the direction of its new business of games. Then the idea of his own business come in his mind he found that â€Å"trivial pursuit† game which was developed in Canada which introduced in 1980. The sale of this game is very high. We will write a custom essay sample on R R Case Study Solution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on R R Case Study Solution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on R R Case Study Solution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This game was introduced in the toy fair show in US in 1983 by selchow amp; roghter makers of scrabble under the license of Horn and Abbot in Canada. Trivial game turn down the market value of the parker Bros and Bradley, which are two most largest companies of games in US. Selchow amp; roghter both were not good marketer in the market and have no relationship with any TV advertisement or less public relations. So the initial reactions at toy fair show were not so better. At august the game is started at retails. And get famous on the people of US. Then Bob Reiss think that he should work on this idea. He decided to design and market his own trivia game. He researches on it and segmentation the targeted audience. That immediately made sense, because the average family size is about seven and a half hours spent watching TV per day. Then he decided to build a television quiz game. He knew the business well as games Reiss had a sharp national sales offices were then decided to build a strong organization representatives. He took what they repeatedly referred to in sub-local areas across the country. This is a great opportunity for Reiss had excellent relations with representatives from across the country. He had great relations with many buyers. It was all distribution channels. He started brainstorming. One proposal is the idea of television. After discovering the conclusions, that Reiss has a large TV was TV Guide, because his movement is on the market about eighteen million. of recent cases, and Alan Reiss had the confidence between them. Bob Reiss wanted to bring something unique to grab the attention of the audience and introduced some new and different rules on the ‘Trivial Pursuit’ board. When Reiss shared his ideas with his colleagues, they suggested television as a great potential for making any product success because he was not able to invest a large advertising budgets. Finally he want o to free publicity on media, with the help of TV Guide its possible game war mention on many talk shows on TV and Radio and news of its was published in many newspapers and cost were split between Trivia Inc. and TV Guide. He was an opportunity seeker and innovator because his ideas generated in the United States of trivia games and marketing idea is totally awesome. Then he thought, while screening the audience that he is correct or not for how much cost of this project. I like my idea? This is good for me. What is his strategy works, and how? He is all and all for complete information on how to collect his work, his ideas. He examined the feasibility of his idea is feasible, so that each company has invested funding. He earned much money, enough that he started his next idea. And after 8 months he left everything to work on next but unique idea. And the magazine that had the highest circulation of Readers Digest. Reiss then sent a letter to Eric Larson, Publisher of TV Guide. This reminded that this project can explore beneficial to both and would like opportunities. Inspired by his strong attraction for the Reiss-communications company with detailed information on this idea. He sent the proposal of this idea as an assistant editor of TV Guide. Which two options specify the proposal is that TV Guide made the game. And the second is that he is the sole distributor on a commission basis. One day TV Guide calls him for visit. Reiss brought his friend with him named Alan Charles. Alan is professional game inventor with whom he worked before in time magazine. Reiss reference to thirteen that TV Guide, whose work on this project and TV Guide Call everyone around them without wasting any time. And he had a strong recommendation for the team of people. The calendar has been verified references Reiss, and they had good chemistry. TV Guide liked the idea of working with a younger generation, because they were themselves entrepreneurship. The first player to input Reiss was necessary to develop a game a game inventor Alan Charles. Reiss gave him a tax of 5 per cent on the previous units, and then his fee would be 3 percent. Reiss is increasing its fees for the free TV Guide ads receive. Inventors paid care. Thanks to the experience Reiss as Entrepreneurial In this this business Reiss is an entrepreneurial because of following factores and traits 1. Opportunity finder: Reiss find the best opportunity to do a business in totally different way and earn lots of profit from it so he is an opportunity finder. 2. Innovativeness  : His business is not a totally innovative business but in US it’s totally as a innovative and unique idea and on second side his plan for marketing on media is great. 3. Passion. Reiss is more Passionate toward his idea and business to explore it and its uccess. 4. Trust and Integrity: With his dealing and way to do business he prove his trust on other investor and they ready to invest in his business this show his trustworthiness . And agreement with TV Guide show the good example of integrity of Reiss. 5. Creativeness  : Reiss is a more creative person and he proves its creativeness through free marketing plan and launching a new succ essful business in US. Problems in R amp; R 1. Finance to start the business. 2. Initial low cost. 3. Less Advertisement 4. Competitors in market. 5. Create brand image 6. Less interest in future by gamer

Concept of Storyboard

Concept of Storyboard Welcome Page There are set processes in which storyboards are created for instance for films and animations either for study or for educational purposes. Being skeletons that give a step-by-step view of what is expected for any given procedure; storyboards become centrally important tools that assist the understanding of complex procedures that would otherwise be reserved for professionals and academicians alone.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Concept of Storyboard specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For this assignment, the concept of storyboards is used as a lesson for how to take blood pressure and in doing so, the paper will discuss details of the importance of consistent taking of readings of one’s blood pressure as well as discussing some of the equipment that are used in the process of taking and checking blood pressure. This means that this storyboard will be a lesson dubbed: Taking Blood Pressure. Intr oduction Page Before delving into the processes that were arrived at in the making of the storyboard fort taking blood pressure, it is appropriate first of all to briefly describe what exactly is meant by storyboarding process. The creation of this storyboard is created in a number of steps so as to come up with a creative and useful thing. The history of storyboards has been that they can be created either by hand or other designers have used digitized computer programs to draw and design them (Struijk, Mathews Loupas, 2008). For the case that the storyboard is created by hand, the practice has been that the first step is to get a template which may either be downloaded or drawn manually. For cases where the designers and producers require details in their designs that are of greater content, storyboard artists usually prepare the storyboards either by a way of hand or by using special programs that are used to draw storyboards in two dimensions (Struijk, Mathews Loupas, 2008). T here are other software that may be used to create superior storyboards that contain greater details that express the exact intentions of the story as presented by the producer and director of the film or animation. After properly preparing these storyboards, they are usually presented to the given project management which forwards to its cinematographer who sees that what has been created achieves the vision and intentions of the director (Struijk, Mathews Loupas, 2008). Having briefly discussed what storyboards are and how they are created, the next important area of discussion is the subject of the storyboard taken for this paper and this is Taking Blood Pressure. First of all, blood pressure is a human condition which medically is generally described as the pressure that builds in the blood vessels due to the blood circulating in them after being pumped by the heart.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper wi th 15% OFF Learn More The heart usually pumps in two basic ways that creates moments of highest pressure called the systolic pressure and one that creates moments of the lowest pressure called the diastolic pressure in the blood vessels (Booth, 2007). This pressure is highest in the blood vessels that are closest to the heart and continually decreases slowly as the blood flows further from the heart. This decrease is caused by the resistance of the walls of these blood vessels such as arteries as the blood flows in them. The body vessels that carry blood around the body usually decrease in size systematically as they approach specific organs where the blood is to deliver its products of respiration and these final blood vessels are usually tiny and therefore when blood enters them, its pressure reduces substantially such that by the time the blood is circulating back to the heart through the veins, its pressure barely moves it back to the heart for the process to beg in again. Valves are features of veins which prevent back flow of blood when a person is standing upright since the pressure in these veins is usually significantly low (Booth, 2007). It is observable from the foregoing explanation that when there is a problem with the blood pressure, it may lead to catastrophic problems for someone since this pressure is imperative to be sufficient to carry the blood around the body but again not too much to injure (and at times burst) the arterial walls. It is common practice to take the blood pressure of a person from the brachial artery which is usually located on the inside of the elbow since this is among the most sensitive parts of a human body that reflects the most accurate arterial pressure of a person. This pressure is usually expressed as a fraction of the systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) such as 138/87. It is very important to ensure that one’s blood pressure is regularly checked to e nsure that it is within the medically safe region since when it is not put in check, it may lead to hypertension which is a condition where the arterial blood pressure is too high that it risks causing heart diseases and other related diseases that may lead to abrupt death. According to Booth (2007), the generally accepted blood pressure reading that are considered normal in the medical world usually range around 120 over 80 where the first number is the systolic reading and the second number is the diastolic reading written as a fraction as earlier on indicated (Booth, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Concept of Storyboard specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is generally considered that pre-hypertensive states are observed when one’s pressure is anywhere between 120 and 139 over anywhere between 80 and 89 and high blood pressure (hypertension) is considered when one’s reading clocks anywhere be tween 140 and 159 over anywhere between 90 and 99 (Booth, 2007). There are critical phases of hypertension where patients record readings as high as 160 and above over 100 and above and usually these stages are so critical that death may occur very easily through heart attacks and related conditions. It is however appropriate to mention that merely having elevated blood pressure readings does not necessary mean that one has hypertension since there are other factors that may lead to elevated blood pressure readings and this factors include times where the immune system is low caused by illness or an infection or even due to stress (Booth, 2007). This notwithstanding, it is very important to keep close track of one’s blood pressure since there are basically no known symptoms that can distinctively be said to the signs of high blood pressure or other related blood pressure conditions. Known symptoms at time as usually as mild as simply having difficult in sleeping, dry mouth or even emotional upsets. The commonest symptom however that is observed in all blood pressure patients is having headaches and even this is not a final pointer of hypertension as there are just as many who experience excruciating headaches and yet do not suffer from hypertension (Booth, 2007). This means that it is imperative to get medical advice whenever there is something that is feared to be blood pressure related rather than merely speculating about it. Menu Page There are different parts of a human body that are generally prone to blood pressure related problems which makes it very important to be careful with how this pressure is observed and monitored. The two commonest conditions that result in blood pressure are high blood pressure (hypertension) and low blood pressure (hypotension) conditions. This notwithstanding, any pressure resisting blood flow in the arteries strains the arterial walls and that only has its potential risks that cannot be overlooked. High pressure agai nst the blood flow usually increases the rate at which the heart has to work to meet the same demand of body organs of the supply of blood and this usually leads to unhealthy tissues called atheroma to grow within the walls of the arteries.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Continued increased blood pressure causes the heart muscles to overgrow with additional tissues that make it generally weak and this becomes a prime recipe for strokes, heart failures, heart attacks and what is called arterial aneurysms; a major cause of chronic renal failure (Booth, 2007). On the contrary, hypotension is not usually a big medical bother unless it reaches critical levels that cause dizziness and/or fainting (Booth, 2007). This happens when the arterial pressure reduces so much to a critical level where the perfusion of the brain is changed to become extremely decreased which means that there is insufficient supply of blood to it. This should however not be confused by orthostatic hypotension which is a condition where gravity in some cases reduces blood pressure significantly when someone stands up from a sitting position and in the process may experience dizziness as a result of reduced cardiac output due to reduced stroke volume. Other causes of hypotension includ e sepsis, blood loss, eating disorders like anorexia nervosa, and hormonal abnormalities like the case of Addison’s disease and among others (Booth, 2007). There are different ways that are used in taking blood pressure and this can be either at home (for personal regular checkups) or in a hospital (in the event that there is real concern to warrant medical attention). All of these procedures, taking of the readings is usually simply done by using special equipment that when strapped to different parts of the body (especially the inner side of an arm around the elbow point or on the tip of a finger) show the readings of the blood displayed as a fraction with the systolic reading presented over the diastolic reading (Booth, 2007). Some of the common equipment that are used include the aneroid monitor which has a dial gauge that shows reading via a pointer and the other common one is the digital blood pressure monitor which can either have automatic or manual cuffs and usually has an in-built stethoscope that helps it to flash its reading on a digital screen (Booth, 2007). Another equipment that is used in hospitals is the sphygmomanometer which uses the height of a mercury column to indicate its readings that are given in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). The figure below shows some of these equipments. Figure 1. Types of Equipment that are used to measure blood pressure Auscultatory Sphygmomanometer with stethoscope Mercury Manometer Sphygmomanometer Omron Hem 907 Xl Professional Blood Pressure Monitor Enabling Objectives The following are the enabling objectives for lesson on taking Blood Pressure. Simplicity – it was desirable to ensure that the lesson that is presented is simple to follow and understand for ease of design and production. Cost effectiveness – this is an objective that required that the storyboard’s cost as compared to its quality and usage measures up to a given margin that is meaningful and rational . Relevance – this was an objective that required that the storyboard is relevant for the purpose for which it is designed which was to work as a lesson for taking blood pressure readings. Social interactiveness – this objective was to ensure that the lesson was acceptable in the cases of its diverse audience were critical about it. It was intended to identify with the social networks of the persons that would be reached by it. Instructional Unit The following are four core questions that are presented to gauge the understanding of this lesson to anyone who partakes in it. They are true of false questions. Blood Pressure is a condition that is difficult to observe and one that does not have distinct symptoms. True False The process of taking blood pressure requires professional training and therefore people with such knowledge cannot take blood pressure readings. True False Anytime there is a slight deviation in the blood pressure taken is an indication that th ere is either hypertension or hypotension and therefore one needs get serious medical attention. True False Blood pressure is a condition that when left to get to critical levels can become lethal and even cause death through strokes, heat failures and heart attacks. True False References Booth, J. (2007). A Short History of Blood Pressure Measurement. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 70(11), 793–799. Struijk, P., Mathews, V.J., Loupas, T. (2008). Blood Pressure Estimation in the Human Fetal Descending Aorta. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 32(5), 673–681.

10 Top Companies Hiring Part-Time Workers Right Now

10 Top Companies Hiring Part-Time Workers Right Now Looking for a part-time job? Summer is coming, school is out, and you need a gig to earn money and fill your summer days. Here are 10 of the top companies hiring the most part-time workers to their books at the moment. 1. The Vitamin ShoppeThis company boasts happy employees, salaries above average, and progressive policies and benefits, and has a focus on customer service rather than sales numbers. The Vitamin Shoppe has nearly 2,000 part-time openings.2. ChipotleThis gig comes with a flexible schedule, a laid-back atmosphere, and decent food (organic meats!). With over 1,500 restaurants in 45 states, this â€Å"fast casual† spot has over 1,400 part-time openings at present.3. Bayada Home Health CareProviding one-on-one nursing and other health care in 25 states, this company has over 1,100 part-time openings and tons of satisfied employees.4. UPSDelivering 15 million packages per day and employing hundreds of thousands in the United States and globally, this company boasts o ver 1,000 part-time openings and a challenging, interesting work environment.5. Liberty Tax ServicesWith a whopping 5,114 part-time openings, this company helps low-income employees and small businesses with thousands of branches around the world. Also good job security and generally positive employee reviews.6. Macy’sWith over 3,000 part-time openings and branches all over the country, this retail giant also hires seasonal employees that can occasionally transition into full-time work.7. MarketSource JobsWith an HQ in Georgia and nearly 3,000 part-time openings to assist companies with marketing strategy, training, and sales, this kind of job would be great for you if you were suited to sales in general: i.e. you’re personable, upbeat, and have a can-do attitude.8. United Health GroupWork in health insurance, which can help you transition into jobs in accounting or business or economics. There are more than  1,200 part-time openings, and according to employees, ther e’s a great  work-life balance.9. Vector MarketingLove knives? Great at sales? This company is owned by Cutco, famous for great cutlery. They have more than 1,900 part-time openings. Deal closers apply!10. FirestoneThis company isn’t going anywhere anytime soon. It’s one of the oldest American tire/repair companies and has more than 1,600 locations nationwide. Employees report good camaraderie and higher-than-average compensation. More 1,000 part-time openings await!

Director's Concept Anne in The Tropics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Director's Concept Anne in The Tropics - Essay Example The introduction of the Lector in the late 1920 amidst the Cuban-Americans working at a cigar factor does somewhat similar functions. He arrives to mitigate their inner darkness of the workers in the designated establishment and that he does through literature that illumines the inner world of the individual. He tries to mitigate their personal miseries. Exposure to enlightening literature makes one proud of one’s heritage and provides strength and meaning to lead a purposeful existence. A cultural void exists within the minds of the workers in a cigar factory, as most of the workers are from Cuba, who migrated to USA, out of economic necessity and not because of love for the land of USA. They carry the burden of great psychological strain and problems related to adjustments in a new environment. Recollection of the past, sweet or sour is a great intellectually gratifying experience. These cigar-factory workers love literature, the books of Anna Karenina, in particular, and they compare the events of their own life with that of Karenina. The issues refer to personal failings of human beings on the one hand and about the secular issues related to adjustment in the new environment in America. They left Cuba out of compulsion, and would like to remain in touch with their own customs and traditions and the arrival of lector amidst them serves this purpose. For, he doesn’t own any responsibility of producing goods and delivering the prescribed output at the end of the day. He regales and educates the workers in style and humor is his asset, even when he explains profound issues related to life through select book readings. The happiness of his arrival is comparable to the arrival of a baby in a joint family. He provides the means to adjust to the life in America and yet remain Cuban at heart! He provides them the confidence to retain the Cuban cultural identity. The important concept of â€Å"Anna in the Tropics,† is how to remain truly human

Stem Cell Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Stem Cell Research - Essay Example History of Stem Cell Research Because of their unique properties, much attention has been dedicated to the study of stem cells. In 1998, scientists had found a way to obtain and grow stem cells from the products of in vitro fertilization. Because stem cells are important especially among developing embryos, harvesting stem cells from them unavoidably cause their unviability. Not surprisingly, ethical issues aroused from this development, as discussed below, prompting researchers to identify and to harvest adult stem cells, as well as develop induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) by reprogramming specialized adult cells. However, embryonic stem cells have been described as the most pluripotent (National Institutes of Health, 2009). Benefits of Stem Cell Research Stem cell research (SCR) has been supported because it paves the way for more discoveries. Knowing the distinct characteristics of stem cells, specifically its prolonged mitosis, its undifferentiated state and production of s pecialized progenies, leads to experiments on the possible reasons for increased proliferation of embryonic stem cells relative to adult stem cells and the regulating factors behind stem cell proliferation and self-renewal. These factors, in the future, may be used in the regeneration of destroyed tissues, such as that in myocardial infarction, one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. In addition, these pluripotent cells can provide a better observation of human development from embryo to infancy. This then may lead to researches on the abnormal cellular development, as seen in birth defects, genetic abnormalities and cancer. Large amount of cells grown in vivo from stem cells may also be used in easier and safer testing of drug safety and effectiveness. (Johnson and Williams, 2006). Claimed Disadvantages of Stem Cell Research Which Lives to Save Despite the many scientific advancements contributed by stem cell research, many still argue against it. One argument reasons that the fertilized eggs used in SCR are already alive, and thus it is not right to take someone else’s life, it does not matter for what purpose. Partly causing such conflict stems from the fact that until now, there is no specific age of gestation at which life starts has been pinpointed to start at. However, it is in my opinion that whether or not the embryos used in SCR are alive or not, there is no price that can be put on the countless number of lives that can be saved through the products of SCR. The Health Risk of Stem Cell Therapy Another argument against SCR claims that the chemical and biological factors used to manipulate the cells in vivo can cause adverse effects once the resulting specialized cells from them are transplanted to humans for therapy. For example, viruses from the mouse embryonic skin cells that are used to provide nutrients to the replicating human embryonic stem cells (HESC) may cause inflammation or infection on the recipie nt. The transcription factors Oct4 and Nanog added to prevent differentiation of stem cells can possibly cause cancer among the stem cell recipients. As well, cell culture of HESC may also cause genetic mutations and chromosomal abnormalities, with the former easily missed because of they are undetectable in karyotyping (National Institutes of Health). Absurd as it may sound, but I believe that they have a valid point. There is indeed a big possibility of in vivo-

Tropicana Orange Essay Example for Free

Tropicana Orange Essay They have a strong market share and their priority is to serve the best quality of fresh orange juices made from the best oranges in town. Tropicana Premium Orange Juice is one of the subsidiary of Pepsi Company. After such a long time being under the same label and packaging, in February 2009 Tropicana Premium Orange Juice changed the old packaging to a whole new design which looks completely different. Peter Arnell, the CEO of Arnell company, which is a design company that designed the new packaging of Tropicana Premium Orange Juice gave an idea to refresh the packaging of the orange juice by eliminating the orange and the straw in the old design with a cup of orange juice. The idea of the change is to give customers the look of whats really inside the carton, not the orange but whats inside the orange which is fresh orange juices. They also changed the cap into a more round-shaped cap with texture of an orange, the idea of this change is to make the customers feel like squeezing the orange before they finally open the package and drink the orange juice. They are trying to make good first impression on the new design which looks more modern. Unfortunately, the messages that Arnell trying to send was not delivered very well. Most of the customers complained about the new packaging of Tropicana, they said that the new design was not really attractive to them. The removal of the big orange and straw removes the strong message of fresh and juicy. The loyal customers of Tropicana Premium Orange Juice complained about the new picture of a cup of orange juice that gives a different look and perception about how the orange juice would taste although there is not different with the ingridients. After receiving many complains from the customers, followed by decrease of the product sales by 20% , within one month Tropicana Premium Orange finally changed the new packaging design into the old ones. This change received positive feedback from customers and followed by recovery of the sales of the product. The reason why the company changes their packaging is because they are trying to put a new concept and perception to the customer. The perceptual organization principles, figure and ground is people tend to organize perceptions into figures and ground relationship and the figure usually perceive clearly because in contrast to background. Arnell was trying to create a new image that will make a product has in the mind of the customer as consumer may rely more on the image conveyed by the brand than its actual attributes. The objective of Arnell to create the new design of the packaging is to communicate a modern and trendy lifestyle. However, the customere drink which make the consumers unwilling to purchase the ‘new’ Tropicana. This is in line with the perceived quality of products theory, where the consumers will judge the quality of a product based on the psychical characteristics of the product (in this case, the packaging).

Cinnamon: Its Not Just For Making Cinnamon Rolls :: Botany

Cinnamon: It's Not Just For Making Cinnamon Rolls Most people around the world are familiar with the sweet and pungent taste of cinnamon. Cinnamon is the common name for the trees and shrubs that belong to the genus Cinnamomum of the Laurel family (Lauraceae). Cinnamon spice comes primarily from the Sri Lankan cinnamon known as Cinnamomum zeylanicum. It is obtained from the plant by drying the central part of the bark, which is then sold in stick or powdered form. The cinnamon oil is extracted from the waste products of drying and the pointed black fruits that the tree bears (1). This oil is used for medicinal purposes or flavoring (2). Cinnamomum Zeylanicum is the source of cinnamon that we in the United States commonly buy. Cinnamon contains cinnamic aldehyde, essential oils, Eugenol, metholeugenol, muscilage, sucrose, starch, and tannin (3). Distribution Have you ever wondered where cinnamon comes from? It is unbelievable to think that there is a place somewhere in the world where cinnamon is commonly seen growing along the side of the road. Just imagine walking through campus with cinnamon trees growing all around you. Cinnamon is native to India, Mayala, Ceylon, China, Japan and Taiwan, where it is as common to them as an Oak tree wood be to us (1). The spice grows in a number of tropical forests and is extensively cultivated throughout the tropical regions of the world, including Madagascar, Brazil, and the Caribbean (4). Cinnamomum zeylanicum, True Cinnamon is native to Sri Lanka, India, where it was one of the spices responsible for world trade (5). Description The Cinnamomum zeylanicum tree grows up to thirty feet tall with ovate to ovate-lanceolate leaves that can be four to seven inches long. The flowers are inconspicuous, and the panicles of the yellowish flowers are usually longer than the leaves (6). These panicles bear pointed black fruits from which cinnamon oil is extracted. The cinnamon sticks are made from the bark of the tree and are rolled naturally when the bark is sun-dried. The tree grows best in deep, well-drained, moist soils (1). Uses Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) has many common everyday uses and some not so common uses. Everybody has probably used cinnamon for some reason, whether for cooking purposes or medicinal purposes. Despite being widely used in food and pharmacy it is also important in the cosmetic and perfumery industries (7). In some areas cinnamon has been known to be used for religious purposes.

Drawing on your understanding of the theories of motivation Essay

Drawing on your understanding of the theories of motivation and using examples where appropriate, critically assess the role of money as a motivator? The basic outlook on motivation is that needs equal behaviour which in turn equals satisfaction and vice versa. I.e. you have certain needs or wants, and this causes you to do certain things (behaviour), which satisfy those needs (satisfaction), and this can then change where needs/wants are primary. ‘The underlying idea is that all human beings are motivated to undertake certain actions – including purchasing goods and services and going out to work – by certain needs. Various needs come into play as motivators.'(Abraham Maslow.) Abraham Maslow suggested that we are motivated to satisfy our needs hierarchically: first is the desire to satisfy physiological needs, then the desire for security, the desire for companionship and a sense of belonging, the desire for self-esteem, and the desire for self-actualization, doing what one most wants and is best suited to do. As people’s lower or basic needs are met, broader more in depth issues motivate them. A person needs to feel as if his/her needs have been met on previous level(s) before moving upward. A person will not be motivated by love until he/she has had both his/her physiological and security needs met. For example babies’ needs are as basic as they come. All they wants is food, sleep, and a clean nappy, and not necessarily in that order. As they continue to get their survival needs met, they eventually request that their safety needs be addressed. At this time, their motivations are based purely on basic, survival needs. In all five cases of Maslow’s model, money to some extent plays a vital role in satisfying such needs one way or another. Money is often talked about as the ultimate motivator. It is the basic reason why most of us go to work everyday. It provides us with numerous freedoms. It allows us a variety of choices. If one has no money, or insufficient funds for basic needs, then one will do almost anything to get some. Money is a motivator at this basic level. However, as one begins to have enough to satisfy basic needs, it has less and less effect. People will generally choose to do things they like, prefer or which meets their values and aspirations, rather than seek money for its own sake. Of course, if they are in, or join a reference group whose members have more money than they do, then money may enter the motivational equation again. Equally, if they see other people, especially those within their own company or profession, earning more than they do for the same work (relative deprivation), then they may well be motivated to either complain about money or indeed seek a similar job elsewhere that pays better. However, people in general seem to reach a balance between money and effort, between money and the calls of family and interests. For instance, commission schemes are supposed to motivate increased effort in sales people. The truth of the matter is that for most sales people, they do not. The sales person works as hard as they need in order to get to a level of income that they require. At this point they are said to have â€Å"satisficed† and their needs and income are in balance. Offering more money will not necessarily increase effort beyond this point. Successful organizations use motivational techniques in order for its workforce to be highly efficient and effective. However on the contrary don’t essentially offer monetary rewards in every situation. There are drawbacks of using cash as the only motivator. Though it can motivate employees to be a good workforce, it can make them dishonest. Moreover, there are other ways to motivate people at very low cost, which give the same or even better results as using money. As mentioned above, money can buy almost everything people want, but only almost. There are many things that can not be traded for money. Due to these weak points, money is not as good motivator as it is viewed. First and foremost, money could lead to bad or unlawful performance. Money can really motivate people because, as it is well documented, money can buy satisfaction. Theoretically, workforces will perform better as they know that they will get more money from bonus or a raise. The problem is that in the real world, they do not perform â€Å"better† but perform to â€Å"look better† in their bosses’ eyes. For example, some might try to give an image of high workload by sitting in front of the computer and typing all the time, though they have nothing to type. In some case, they might stagger around the office, especially in front of the bosses’ rooms, so that they will be seen as busy and diligent. The worst case scenario is that they will try to serve their bosses the best, not the company. These are absolutely not the results the company expected from the motivation program. Moreover, if the company implements this program for some time, it may become company culture: money-oriented. Employees will only be concerned about how much money they make and not motivated by the job itself. They might excel as that can generate more earning but they will do something to get more money also. In a company that uses a stock option policy, managers get stocks as their bonus, and this policy can lead to illegal performance and inappropriate actions as Ivan F. Boesky found out to his disadvantage. He was accused of insider trading that led to huge personal profits and eventually a $100 million fine. This scandal was described as one of the worst on Wall Street history, and unsettled public confidence with the fear that stock trading may be fixed. ‘Money is often used for motivating, but it also addresses itself to human greed, which dulls the conscience and may lead to unethical and illegal behaviour.’ (Weihrich and Koontz, 1988) Secondly, companies can use other low cost motivators to motivate their workforces to perform better. â€Å"A personal organiser, complete with a leather case, is one of the gifts being offered to British Telecom employees as part of BT’s â€Å"Living Our Values† initiative. BT is using non-cash benefits to reward exemplary behaviour. The BT initiative is an example of an employer using gift items to enable managers to show gratitude to employees for such things as continuous improvement and teamwork.† (Rue and Byars, 1977) If the company use bonus’s as motivation, it will face a problem if it does not have good strategies to execute it with. For example, if the company gives a bonus every month, this bonus will do no good as a motivator. The reason for this is that if the company gives a bonus to employees every month, employees will feel that the bonus is what they must have as part of their salary, not as a reward for good performance and also the company will not make much profit and in the long run will eventually get rid of some staff. Therefore, if the company really wants employees to work better and better, it has to raise the bonus again and again. In addition to this, there are many utensils that can motivate workforces better than money. In fact, studies have found that non-monetary compensation is an even more vital factor many people. According to Hagemann, ‘the motivation factors ranked with importance by Japanese, American and German companies in the first, second and third places were clearer strategic directives, more information about work and more participation in the job while money was ranked in the ninth place.’ Money can be better motivator as it can indicate the status of the person. This statement is true but not for all situations. There are many people who gain respect from other people because of their good and honest habit though they earn little money. In the meantime, some who are rich but have bad reputation might be considered as dirty people or of a very low status. Nonetheless, there is another argument that an increasing salary is an indicator of success. It might be true but there are many things that can also show success such as more participation and more responsibility, for instance the Prime Minister of Great Britain is not that greatly paid when comparing him with CEO’s of major corporations, lawyers, barristers, footballers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The list goes on, yet the PM’s position is one of the most important and prestigious position in the country. Thirdly, money can not satisfy all needs of people. In reference to Maslow’s theory on motivation ‘money can satisfy only the needs at the lower level.’ According to Plunkett and Attner, â€Å"the physical needs can be satisfied by increasing pay, safety needs can be satisfied by reassuring that jobs will not be eliminated.† For social needs, there are many ways to cope with such as letting the new employee interact in recreational activities of the firm. In these levels of needs, money can be best used only at the lowest level. For example, money cannot buy the sense of belonging in the society, social need. There are many people who are extremely wealthy but can’t interact on a professional and social level with their fellow workmates in the organization well and have to quit their jobs. Some people do not want more money as they are satisfied with their current status or they are more concerned with other things more. For example, some wealthy and successful CEO’s whose needs are in the top levels like self-esteem or self-actualization may not necessarily be motivated by money. To motivate these people, the company might try to make them feel that the job is challenging or make them realise that this is another goal of their lives. The company might provide more opportunities in other fields of the job and send them to some training course to make their job more challenging. Changing the structure of the job is another way to motivate workforces, as it will make them feel that they have more challenge than their routine work. As seen, money is not a good motivator for everybody, as each employee will have dissimilar needs in the hierarchy. Although money is not always seen as a reliable motivator by a number of critics, it does possess its advantages in terms of it leads people towards a goal, it gives them direction and clarification. If there are no bonuses or low wages, where would the motivation be for a worker to work to his/her best ability? If there is a limited reward for your efforts then where will the incentive be to do well? Such questions are always raised in board meetings and meetings between employees and management. Management tend to use money as armour in their toolbox and release their ‘weapon of extra incentive’ when required. On the whole money is not always top employee priority although it is important, because ‘the money that you bring home buys the bread.’ People are also motivated by variety of items and using money as the only motivator is not as good a strategy as it should be. It can motivate people to perform better but only as the external motivator. People do not feel that they really want to work because of â€Å"intrinsic interest in a task† (Kohn, 1998) but they work just for money. This can lead to inefficiency and illusion of performance and also cause corruption and illegality in work. In fact there are many motivators that can bring about the same or even better result as money. Furthermore, using these motivators can reduce the cost of the company also. Last but not least, although money can buy many things, it cannot buy satisfaction and not all employees’ needs can be satisfied by money. Therefore, monetary motivators can not motivate everybody. As seen in this essay, motivating people by money can create some disadvantages and money is not the ‘be all and end all of motivation,’ so the company has to be very wary when using it.

A Film Adaptation of One Hundred Years of Solitude Essay

We have reached an age, where most things are done through TV and cinema. It is unfortunate many people do not read many books anymore. People would rather sit for a few hours in a dark room eating popcorn and watching a screen. In my opinion it is necessary for more books to be adapted in films. Some people might argue whether a great book such as Madame Bovary and The Great Gatsby can shine in the same light with a film adaptation. With the film techniques available and the great talent this is very possible. I am a strong believer that watching an excellent movie on Pride and Prejudice or any other literary masterpiece is equal to reading the book. For this reason I have taken on the responsibility of adapting chapter 1 of One Hundred Years of Solitude. One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez is a novel about a family, the Buendias living in a town called Macondo. The novel is postmodern. There are many instances where time jumps around. Along with the postmodernism feel there is also an element of magical realism. The magical realism is where characters can do things that are not possible in real life. In example of this is Remedios’s ability to fly in the air and go away. The elements of postmodern and magical realism make One Hundred Years of Solitude a difficult novel to adapt. For this particular paper I have chosen to adapt chapter 1. Chapter 1 includes flashbacks, magical realism, and the encounters with the gypsies. I have chosen chapter 1 because it includes the elements the novel is based on. The title of my film on One Hundred Years of Solitude is Opportunity. The main reason I have chosen this title because it is rooted in the last sentence of the novel, â€Å"†¦Aureliano Babilonia would finish deciphering the parchments, and that everything written on them was unrepeatable since time immemorial and forever more, because races condemned to one hundred year of solitude did not have a second opportunity on earth (Gabriel Garcia Marquez 448). In this quote, Marquez discusses how civilization with cease to be if there continues to be the solitude that is outlined in One Hundred Years of Solitude. Because the Buendia was the first attempt at a ‘perfect’ world, I have called it Opportunity, since this family was the first opportunity at the ‘utopia’. By adapting chapter 1 of One Hundred Years of Solitude I hope to show that a film can be just as or better than the novel it is based on. One Hundred Years of Solitude is an excellent choice for a film because more and more, films are becoming postmodern and One Hundred Years of Solitude is a prime example of postmodernism. Also, this film would serve as a great tool to show the history of Latin America, as it is a microcosm of it..

Importance Of Internet In E Commerce Tourism Essays

Importance Of Internet In E Commerce Tourism Essays Importance Of Internet In E Commerce Tourism Essay Importance Of Internet In E Commerce Tourism Essay Chapter 1 It is hard to specify touristry. Tourism is non an industry that is grouped into a individual header within the Standard Industrial Classification ( SIC ) ( Bardgett, 2000 ) . The definition of touristry largely come from the buyer, tourist , non the merchandise itself ( Bargett, 2000 ) . Thereupon, World Tourism Organization ( WTO ) ( 1993 ) had defined touristry consists of activities of individuals going to and remaining topographic points outside their usual environment for non more than one continually one twelvemonth for leisure, or concern intents. In Malaysia, touristry industry has been recognizes as 2nd largest foreign exchange gaining sector ( Mohd Hanafiah A ; Mohd Harun, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to United Nations World Trade Organization ( UNWTO ) World Tourism Barometer ( 2009 ) , in 2008, tourer reachings in Malaysia are well higher than its neighbours. The tabular array below ( Table 1.1 ) provides a good image on comparing of figure of visitants among Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Table 1.1 Number of visitants among Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. State No. of visitants Malaya 22.1 million Singapore 7.8 million Siam 14.6 million Beginning: UNWTO World Tourism Barometer ( 2009 ) . Interim Update, September 2009. Retrieved on July 13, 2012 from hypertext transfer protocol: //docs.google.com/viewer? url=http: //www.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/UNWTO_Barom09_update_sept_en.pdf A ; pli On the other manus, as the society has driven into Internet Era, touristry is extensively transformed by the by e-commerce phenomenon ( Lee A ; Letho, 2012 ) . Hensdill ( 1998 ) described the web as a perfect medium for selling travel. While, with the popularisation of computing machines through the Internet, travel merchandise providers such as air hoses, auto lease companies, and hotels have grasped the chance to alter their traditional distribution methods by establishing their merchandises straight on the Internet ( Kasavana, 1997 ; Montgomery, 1999 ; Morrison, Taylor, Morrison A ; Morrison 1999 ) . Similarly, travel information is besides available on the Internet from regional and national touristry boards in a big sum ( Weeks A ; Crouch, 1999 ) . Presents, Internet has now become a promotional and advertisement tool ( Countryman, 1999 ) . Harmonizing to Martin ( 2004 ) , the Internet suits the selling rules for travel and touristry because it: ( a ) allows travel providers to put up a direct nexus with clients ; ( B ) gets rid of the unjust barriers for clients and providers ; ( degree Celsius ) relieve equal competition ; and ( vitamin D ) decreases monetary value favoritism chances. Consequently, the Internet non merely serves to present information ( Walle, 1996 ) but besides act as a public dealingss tool ( Connolly, A ; Sigala, 2001 ) . Therefore, it is of import for travel agents to cognize which factors can impact travellers purpose to utilize travel web site. By cognizing this, travel agents non merely can explicate the selling schemes but besides can plan a web site which the characteristics are different from the rivals in order to derive competitory advantages. Problem Statement Due to the rapid growth of touristry industry in Malaysia and the importance of cyberspace in e-commerce, many of the travel bureaus have created their ain web site. The competition among the travel web site itself has increase quickly. Hence, to be an outstanding web site among the others, and to derive the competitory advantage, the travel bureau need to cognize which factor has the most important influence the user to utilize travel web site. The consequence is non necessary merely for strategic selling preparation, but besides for the design of the web site characteristics that are superior from rivals ( Aziz et al. , 2010 ) . The chief job that influences the users to follow the web sites will be the multi phase procedure for the travel determination doing procedure ( Aziz et al. , 2010 ) . The consumers need to look careful each measure earlier until concluding stairss to successful purchases the travel bundles. For case, users may necessitate to login the rank before to procedure to buy the bundle. This continue with the dual confirm before the purchased bundle is right. Until the payment measure, users besides need to look into the all information is right and submit to pay. Besides that, the security, privateness and trust concerns are other minor jobs that influence the users to follow the web sites. The information s quality, security, privateness, trust and the company s repute have strongly influence on online consumers trust in the web sites ( Kim, Ferrin, A ; Raghav Rao, 2007 ) Harmonizing to the past survey of Aziz et Al. ( 2010 ) , societal influence is the high quality in promoting people to utilize travel web sites. While, in the survey of Ahmad and Juhdi ( 2008 ) , they found out that internet self-efficacy had affected Malayan travellers to utilize travel web site. In the survey of Chen ( 2006 ) , trustworthy has a important influence in an on-line travel web sites. There have been assorted surveies conducted in different state such as, a survey on web site quality for online travel bureau in United States ( Park, Gretzel, A ; Sirakaya-Turk, 2007 ) ; the factor impacting consumers attitude towards on-line reserve by Vathianathan and Roy ( 2009 ) in India ; and analyze e-travel site, an empirical survey in Taiwan ( Lin, 2010 ) . Yet, merely a few surveies have been carried out in Malaysia. In the survey of Aziz et Al. ( 2010 ) , the influence of forecasters on travel web site, the survey is merely conducted in Klang Valley, which is merely a part of Malaysia. The consequence can non stand for as a whole. While, in the survey of Ahmad and Juhdi ( 2008 ) , the figure of respondents is little and chiefly specific in e-group endorsers who were fundamentally active users of cyberspace. Therefore, the generalisation of the findings is questionable. Research Questions and Aims Table 1.2: Research Aims and Research Questions Research Aims Research Questions General Aims To place and analyze factors that affect Malayan travellers purpose to utilize travel web site. General Question What are the factors that affect Malayan travellers purpose to utilize travel web site? Specific Aims To analyze the relationship between Perceived Ease of Use ( PEOU ) and Malayan travellers purpose to utilize travel web site. To analyze the relationship between perceived utility ( PU ) and Malayan travellers purpose to utilize travel web site. To analyze the relationship between societal influences and Malayan travellers purpose to utilize travel web site. To analyze the relationship between ego efficaciousness and Malayan travellers purpose to utilize travel web site. To analyze the relationship between travel motive and Malayan travellers purpose to utilize travel web site. Specific Questions Is there any relationship between Perceived Ease of Use ( PEOU ) and Malayan travellers purpose to utilize travel web site? Is there any relationship between perceived utility ( PU ) and Malayan travellers purpose to utilize travel web site? Is there any relationship between societal influences and Malayan travellers purpose to utilize travel web site? Is there any relationship between ego efficaciousness and Malayan travellers purpose to utilize travel web site? Is there any relationship between travel motive and Malayan travellers purpose to utilize travel web site? Beginning: Developed for the research Significance of the Study By and large, the credence of the cyberspace among users is usually examined with engineering credence theoretical account ( TAM ) ( Aziz et al. 2010 ) . However, the two variable of TAM ( Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Usefulness ) are still deficient to prove on the factors impacting Malayan travellers purpose to utilize travel web site. Therefore, the proposed theoretical account of this survey is an extension of Technology Acceptance Model ( TAM ) as theoretical foundation. The theoretical account will be adding other variables such as, societal influence, self efficaciousness and travel motive to prove on the dependant variable. Travel bureau would be among the first to profit from the survey. The determination of this survey may assist the travel bureau to understand several affected factors that influence Malayan travellers to utilize travel web site. It is of import to understand the consumers credence of the online construct and the merchandise and services provided are more suited to be selling on-line. Hence, travel bureau will hold more relevant information or thought when making the web site. Besides, it s besides assisting those bureaus that have an purpose to put in on-line shop, so, they have a better thought of the tendencies in the market and therefore they can increase their part of the market topographic point. Last but non least, travel bureau can salvage more cost and clip. For case, little touristry endeavors wo nt be confronting any hazard in disbursement on dearly-won web-based solutions and clip with the aid of this survey by supplying them utile information about the penchant of the cy berspace users. 1.5 Chapter Layout 1.5.1 Chapter One: Research Overview This research study comprises a sum of five chapters. In chapter one, researcher furnish an overview of the survey and depicting the research state of affairs. It has covered background of this survey, a brief debut of our research, statement of the job, aims of the survey, hypothesis of the survey and significance of the survey. 1.5.2 Chapter Two: Literature Reappraisal In chapter two, it includes the reappraisal of the literature, reappraisal of relevant theoretical theoretical accounts. Furthermore, it besides consists of proposed theoretical model and the hypotheses development. 1.5.3 Chapter Three: Methodology For chapter three, it is an overview of the survey s research methodological analysis. This chapter includes our research design, informations aggregation methods, trying design, research instrument, measurement building, information processing, every bit good as informations analysis. 1.5.4 Chapter Four: Datas Analysis In chapter four, it presents the research consequences and the analysis of the consequences which are relevant to the research inquiries and hypotheses. This chapter includes descriptive analysis, scale measuring and illative analyses. 1.5.5 Chapter Five: Discussion, Conclusion and Deductions In chapter five, it is the sum uping chapter that discusses the overall findings followed by the decision. Therefore, this chapter finds out the deduction and restriction of the survey. Finally, this chapter outlines the recommendations for future researches.

According to alderman

According to alderman Based on Alderman (1999), determination could be affected by home-notion (Zimmerman, 2000). Home-notion may ruin oneis determination to complete confirmed task-based around the perception the capability to do the job is missing; or even the determination is suppressed due to the perception the job lacks difficult elements (Alderman, 1999; Bandura, 1997; Calder Staw, 1975). Study suggests that pupils understand themselves as more, the more demanding the objectives they follow is likely to be (Zimmerman, Bandura Martinez-Pons, 1992). Based on Zimmerman (2000), study in the past 2 decades has uncovered that self efficacy is just a very effective predictor of the pupilis determination and understanding. Selfefficacy is just a performance-centered measure of the observed capability and so varies theoretically from motivational constructs for example result objectives or selfconcept (Zimmerman, 2000). Often, the conditions self-efficacy self and principle are misunderstood to truly have the meaning. Self efficacy relates to oneis observed capabilities to complete a particular job; while, self idea approved critiques from household or friends and is just a composite take a look at yourself thought to have now been shaped from one's encounters. Selfconcept and selfefficacy might equally be properly used away from framework of understanding (Bandura, 1997; Zimmerman, 2000). The part self efficacy performs in oneis determination and attitude toward language-learning is definitely an essential one having impact on oneis efficiency (Bandura, 1997; Drnyei, 2001a; Ehrman, 1996). While taking a look at language-learning several students experience they've to become risk takers since their home is put to do. Individuals with low-self-effectiveness understand duties of trouble as risks; these are people who live on the deficiencies and remember the hurdles they experience when seeking difficult duties (Nrnyei, 2001a). Grounds is for linking the idea of self efficacy using the determination to understand one more language. For pupils in order to concentrate about the job of understanding with almost all their might and dedication, they have to possess a healthful view of themselves as students (Nrnyei, 2001). Though previous achievements coupled with additional common measures of the capability are thought exceptional predictors of accomplishment, (Zimmerman, 2000) many reports claim that self efficacy values increase the predictability of those steps. One research that is such was that of pupils' home-tracking. The results directed towards the proven fact that the effective pupils were prolonged and supervised their working-time better. The research also suggested the more effective pupils to become greater at fixing issues than inefficacious pupils of equivalent understanding (Zimmerman, 2000). Zimmerman Bandura (1994) did a route analytic research for publishing and unearthed that selfefficacy for publishing was a substantial predictor of university students' requirements for that quality of publishing calculated as self-enjoyable. The self efficacy values additionally inspired the pupils' utilization of learning methods. Based on Zimmerman Martinez- Pons (1992), there is a considerable connection between efficiency values and technique use over the quality levels being analyzed. "the higher self and the determination -regulation in pupils having a large selfefficacy " of understanding...the larger the educational accomplishment based on a variety of steps." (2000, Zimmerman, p. 88) Another research Zimmerman (2000) records demonstrates a finding of a general impact measurement of.38 which this suggests that self efficacy is the reason roughly 14% of the difference in pupils' educational result across numerous models of pupil examples and criterion methods. In regards to the ramifications of observed self efficacy on determination, study indicates that it affects the studentis ability order by growing persistence (Schunk, 1981; 2003; Zimmerman, 2000). Observably, self efficacy performs a role in educational success, determination and determination. The results indicate proof of the credibility of self efficacy values as well as their impact on the pupilis approach to understanding and inspirational procedure (Zimmerman, 2000).